361 research outputs found
Faraday rotation: effect of magnetic field reversals
The standard formula for the rotation measure, RM, which determines the
position angle, , due to Faraday rotation, includes
contributions only from the portions of the ray path where the natural modes of
the plasma are circularly polarized. In small regions of the ray path where the
projection of the magnetic field on the ray path reverses sign (called QT
regions) the modes are nearly linearly polarized. The neglect of QT regions in
estimating RM is not well justified at frequencies below a transition frequency
where mode coupling changes from strong to weak. By integrating the
polarization transfer equation across a QT region in the latter limit, I
estimate the additional contribution needed to correct this
omission. In contrast with a result proposed by \cite{BB10}, is
small and probably unobservable. I identify a new source of circular
polarization, due to mode coupling in an asymmetric QT region. I also identify
a new circular-polarization-dependent correction to the dispersion measure at
low frequencies.Comment: 25 pages 1 figure, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical
Journa
Invariant imbedding theory of mode conversion in inhomogeneous plasmas. II. Mode conversion in cold, magnetized plasmas with perpendicular inhomogeneity
A new version of the invariant imbedding theory for the propagation of
coupled waves in inhomogeneous media is applied to the mode conversion of high
frequency electromagnetic waves into electrostatic modes in cold, magnetized
and stratified plasmas. The cases where the external magnetic field is applied
perpendicularly to the direction of inhomogeneity and the electron density
profile is linear are considered. Extensive and numerically exact results for
the mode conversion coefficients, the reflectances and the wave electric and
magnetic field profiles inside the inhomogeneous plasma are obtained. The
dependences of mode conversion phenomena on the magnitude of the external
magnetic field, the incident angle and the wave frequency are explored in
detail.Comment: 11 figures, to be published in Physics of Plasma
Understanding the Geometry of Astrophysical Magnetic Fields
Faraday rotation measurements have provided an invaluable technique with
which to measure the properties of astrophysical magnetized plasmas.
Unfortunately, typical observations provide information only about the
density-weighted average of the magnetic field component parallel to the line
of sight. As a result, the magnetic field geometry along the line of sight, and
in many cases even the location of the rotating material, is poorly
constrained. Frequently, interpretations of Faraday rotation observations are
dependent upon underlying models of the magnetic field being probed (e.g.,
uniform, turbulent, equipartition). However, we show that at sufficiently low
frequencies, specifically below roughly 13 (RM/rad m^-2)^(1/4) (B/G)^(1/2) MHz,
the character of Faraday rotation changes, entering what we term the
``super-adiabatic regime'' in which the rotation measure is proportional to the
integrated absolute value of the line-of-sight component of the field. As a
consequence, comparing rotation measures at high frequencies with those in this
new regime provides direct information about the geometry of the magnetic field
along the line of sight. Furthermore, the frequency defining the transition to
this new regime, nu_SA, depends directly upon the local electron density and
magnetic field strength where the magnetic field is perpendicular to the line
of sight, allowing the unambiguous distinction between Faraday rotation within
and in front of the emission region. Typical values of nu_SA range from 10 kHz
to 10 GHz, depending upon the details of the Faraday rotating environment. In
particular, for resolved AGN, including the black holes at the center of the
Milky Way (Sgr A*) and M81, nu_SA ranges from roughly 10 MHz to 10 GHz, and
thus can be probed via existing and up-coming ground-based radio observatories.Comment: 13 pages, 5 figures, submitted to Ap
RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulation League: Evaluation Challenges
We summarise the results of RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulation League in 2016
(Leipzig), including the main competition and the evaluation round. The
evaluation round held in Leipzig confirmed the strength of RoboCup-2015
champion (WrightEagle, i.e. WE2015) in the League, with only eventual finalists
of 2016 competition capable of defeating WE2015. An extended, post-Leipzig,
round-robin tournament which included the top 8 teams of 2016, as well as
WE2015, with over 1000 games played for each pair, placed WE2015 third behind
the champion team (Gliders2016) and the runner-up (HELIOS2016). This
establishes WE2015 as a stable benchmark for the 2D Simulation League. We then
contrast two ranking methods and suggest two options for future evaluation
challenges. The first one, "The Champions Simulation League", is proposed to
include 6 previous champions, directly competing against each other in a
round-robin tournament, with the view to systematically trace the advancements
in the League. The second proposal, "The Global Challenge", is aimed to
increase the realism of the environmental conditions during the simulated
games, by simulating specific features of different participating countries.Comment: 12 pages, RoboCup-2017, Nagoya, Japan, July 201
Electromagnetic modes of Maxwell fisheye lens
We provide an analysis of the radial structure of TE and TM modes of the
Maxwell fisheye lens, by means of Maxwell equations as applied to the fisheye
case. Choosing a lens of size R = 1 cm, we plot some of the modes in the
infrared range.Comment: 2+6 pages in Latex, 3 figures to be found in the published referenc
Finite element method for the design of implants for temporal hollowing
Temporal indentations are the most impacting craniofacial complication after coronal flap dissection. It is mainly due to a temporal fat pad or temporalis muscle dissection. Because of the great improvements achieved recently in CAD-CAM-aided surgery and the possibility of performing accurate pre-surgical virtual planning, it is now possible to correct it with a customised virtual approach. Furthermore, advancements in material science have allowed surgeons to rely on biocompatible materials like PEEK (showing a low complication and recurrence rate) for the manufacturing of patient-specific implants. We hereby describe our experience on a case of secondary and corrective surgery after a fronto-orbital remodelling, in which we used PEEK implants designed by CAD and optimized by finite element modelling
Theory of the propagation of coupled waves in arbitrarily-inhomogeneous stratified media
We generalize the invariant imbedding theory of the wave propagation and
derive new invariant imbedding equations for the propagation of arbitrary
number of coupled waves of any kind in arbitrarily-inhomogeneous stratified
media, where the wave equations are effectively one-dimensional. By doing this,
we transform the original boundary value problem of coupled second-order
differential equations to an initial value problem of coupled first-order
differential equations, which makes the numerical solution of the coupled wave
equations much easier. Using the invariant imbedding equations, we are able to
calculate the matrix reflection and transmission coefficients and the wave
amplitudes inside the inhomogeneous media exactly and efficiently. We establish
the validity and the usefulness of our results by applying them to the
propagation of circularly-polarized electromagnetic waves in one-dimensional
photonic crystals made of isotropic chiral media. We find that there are three
kinds of bandgaps in these structures and clarify the nature of these bandgaps
by exact calculations.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, to appear in Europhys. Let
Relativity principles in 1+1 dimensions and differential aging reversal
We study the behavior of clocks in 1+1 spacetime assuming the relativity
principle, the principle of constancy of the speed of light and the clock
hypothesis. These requirements are satisfied by a class of Finslerian theories
parametrized by a real coefficient , special relativity being recovered
for . The effect of differential aging is studied for the different
values of . Below the critical values the differential
aging has the usual direction - after a round trip the accelerated observer
returns younger than the twin at rest in the inertial frame - while above the
critical values the differential aging changes sign. The non-relativistic case
is treated by introducing a formal analogy with thermodynamics.Comment: 12 pages, no figures. Previous title "Parity violating terms in
clocks' behavior and differential aging reversal". v2: shortened
introduction, some sections removed, pointed out the relation with Finsler
metrics. Submitted to Found. Phys. Let
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